cross-posted from: https://lemmygrad.ml/post/5103306
Most people in the west probably don’t know this, but China actually ‘participated’ in WW1! But as a backwards country with two governments at this time, why did they do so? Why did they align with the Americans, when Germany had influence within the country? Did China receive any benefits from becoming a victor? Today I’ll answer these questions and more.
In 1914 China had promised to stay neutral in WW1. Before this point, China had only lost in wars against imperial powers, and few desired to take part in another potentially disastrous war. Besides, many warlords themselves held territory in China, and few would have left their holdings to die in europe when potential competitors could simply occupy their territory. In addition, different powerful warlords were backed by foreign powers from both sides, so there was little desire to participate in the global war at the time.
Germany, however, supported Zhang Xun, who attempted to revive the Qing dynasty, gambling that he would be able to create a German-aligned Chinese monarchy, even providing him with weapons. But Zhang Xun held little military power compared to other warlords, and by easily defeating him Japan-backed Duan Qirui could now call himself the defender of democracy. He reinstated the powerless president, Li Yuanhong, but he himself was appointed as leader of the cabinet. While the cabinet seemed to be engaged in fierce conflict with the President, in reality Li was pretty much alone in his struggle and was always at a massive disadvantage, despite his backing by the US. Primarily this was because Duan had the full power of the Wan clique behind him, while Li had few if any armies of his own.
The Americans wished for China to join the war on their side, promising to renegotiate some unequal treaties, and Li gladly agreed. Yet the Japanese, supporting Duan, soon began urging Duan to join the war too, seeking to secure what Yuan had promised them in the 21 lines. Seeing the Japanese support China’s entrance to the war, the US changed its tune and ordered Li to oppose the war.
Of course, this opposition could not be held for long, and Duan used German submarines sinking a ship carrying Chinese passengers as an excuse to cut off all ties with Germany, then declare war.
Despite declaring war, China never sent any troops to Europe, instead providing the entente with over 140000 laborers to aid the allies in constructing works, clearing mines, and other dangerous jobs. In the end, Germany was defeated, eliminating its influence in China, and many hoped that all German interests in China, such as the entire province of Shandong, could be returned to China. But things would not be so easy…
originally wanted to write a part 2 to my last post but too many things happened, so I’m going event by event here. Next post: the Treaty of Versailles and the 5-4 movement.\
https://baike.baidu.com/item/北洋军阀史/6241211
source this book. You can get it for about 50 yuan and autotranslate it with that camera app or something.
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1AG4y1N78P/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
also this video from Soviet Monitor who is a platform verified expert on the warlord era.
Please list the authoritative sources you used when writing this, I don’t want anyone misleading others with an inaccurate or incomplete description of China’s history, especially considering your personal background. I ask that you do the same for any previous posts you’ve written about China’s history, and make it clear that you are not an authoritative source.
I have hidden this post until you respond.
I also point to Wikipedia (yes) for a summary of China’s involvement in WW1, it is not much longer than this post and at least provides details and sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_during_World_War_I
Sorry, I was unaware of the necessity to provide sources. Most of this content focuses on the internal reasons for the Beiyang government’s participation and is taken from Lai Xinxia’s 北洋军阀史 which is widely regarded as the authoritative source on this era of history. Most of the details I might’ve misremembered (including involved characters etc) were verified with baidu searches or videos from Soviet Monitor(苏维埃班长) on Bilibili. Lai Xinxia himself was assigned to researching the archives of Beiyang China shortly following the Chinese revolution and worked on his book over a course of 50 years. https://baike.baidu.com/item/来新夏/922269?fr=ge_ala https://baike.baidu.com/item/北洋军阀史/6241211
since I have the book in physical form it would be impractical to cite, however these posts are mostly just condensed forms of selections from the book.
It’s not required to provide sources, but I’m the Fact Checking police on Lemmygrad. I’m not well-read in history so I can’t comment on the overall accuracy of this post, but I noticed an error like “entire province of Qingdao” (Qingdao is a city in Shandong province), and “二十一条” can be better translated into “21 Demands” rather than “21 lines”. There are probably other things that can be improved but I’ll leave that to you.
Once you fix your post, add the book as a reference, and make it clear that this is your summary, I will unhide the post.
Shandong my bad I didn’t sleep enough last night. I also only read the book in Chinese so I’m unsure how things are translated.
The bilibili link has provided several sources in the video which I’m too lazy to check out/ can’t buy right now, hopefully that will be enough.
In hoping to have former German colonies returned, they were instead handed to the imperial Japanese.
弱国无外交
