Chogha Zanbil Is an ancient Elamite complex in the modern-day province of Khuzestan, in Iran. It is one of the last standing ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia.

The Elamite language is a language isolate (meaning it is not connected to any known language families), but Chogha Zangil is typically translated as ‘basket mound’. It was built about 1250 BC by the king Untash-Napirisha, mainly to honor the great god Inshushinak, the Elamite protector deity of Susa. Its original name was Dur Untash, which means ‘town of Untash’ in Assyrian, but it seems unlikely that many people, besides priests and servants, ever lived there. The complex is surrounded by three concentric walls, which define the main areas of the ‘town’. The inner area is taken up with a great ziggurat, dedicated to the main god, which was built over an earlier square temple with storage rooms also built by Untash-Napirisha.

In the middle area, there’s eleven temples, for some of the lesser gods. It is believed that twenty-two temples were planned, but Untash-Napirisha died before they could be completed, and his successors had little interest in completing this project. In the outer area are royal palaces, a funerary palace containing five subterranean royal tombs.

Although the city’s construction halted after Untash-Napirisha died, it was still used for its intended purpose, until the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 640 BC. Some scholars speculate, based on the large number of temples and sanctuaries found at Chogha Zanbil, that it represented an attempt by Untash-Napirisha to create a new religious center (possibly intended to replace Susa) which would unite the gods of both highland and lowland Elam at one site.

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